下面的短片来自TED-Ed: Why incompetent people think they're amazing。时长5分钟，中文字幕。
先认真看一遍视频，然后再看后面关于 Dunning-Kruger effect / “邓宁-克鲁格效应”的延伸阅读。
video by Educator: David Dunning
Director: Wednesday Studio
这是值得反复看十遍的短片。如果第一遍没看明白，请再看一遍。
How good are you with money? What about reading people's emotions? How healthy are you, compared to other people you know?
Psychological research suggests that we're not very good at evaluating ourselves accurately. In fact, we frequently overestimate our own abilities.
Researchers describe this phenomenon as Dunning-Kruger effect（邓宁-克鲁格效应，简称达克效应）。
什么是邓宁-克鲁格效应？What's the Dunning-Kruger effect?
The Dunning-Kruger effect is a type of cognitive bias（认知偏差）in which people believe that they are smarter and more capable than they really are. Studies show that people often display illusory superiority.
Essentially, low ability people do not possess the skills needed to recognize their own incompetence. The combination of poor self-awareness and low cognitive ability leads them to overestimate their own capabilities.
The term lends a scientific name and explanation to a problem that many people immediately recognize—that fools are blind to their own foolishness.
And the effect is named after researchers David Dunning and Justin Kruger, the two social psychologists who first described it.
平均来说，人们总是高估自己，有一种虚幻的优越感，认为自己比多数人更优秀。更有趣的是，那些认知水平越低的人越容易高估自己。
为什么会产生达克效应？
认知水平低或是缺乏某一专业领域知识的人往往遭遇“双重困境”，首先他们容易犯错，同时由于处于低认知水平而阻碍了他们发现自己的错误。最终导致错误地评估自己。
假如用一张图来表示邓宁-克鲁格效应，纵轴表示“自信曲线”（confidence）；横轴表示认知水平。
英文版👇
中文版👇
自信曲线经历四个阶段：愚昧山峰、绝望之谷、“开悟”之路和自信“高原”。
认知水平经历从巨婴到大师的四个阶段，分别是：不知道自己不知道、知道自己不知道、知道自己知道、不知道自己知道。
有什么方法可以避免达克效应，从而有助于真实地评估自己的水平呢？
一、寻求别人的真实反馈 / Ask for feedback from people you trust;
二、保持开放的心态、敢于否定自己 / Be open-minded, Courage to admit mistakes;
三、不断学习、提高认知 / Keep learning.
最后留给你的问题：你认为现在的你处于哪个阶段？Which stage you are at now?
除了以上3种，你觉得还有什么好方法可以避免达克效应？欢迎留言分享。
- 短片来源：TED-Ed
- 参考：https://www.verywellmind.com/an-overview-of-the-dunning-kruger-effect-4160740
- The Dunning Kruger effect 中文版图来自公众号：小道消息返回搜狐，查看更多