肿瘤研究十大标志性事件及靶标
《肿瘤的标志性事件》（Hallmarks of Cancer）是由 Robert Weinberg 和 Douglas Hanahan 撰写的开创性综述文章。他们在2011年发表的综述中提出，可以把肿瘤的复杂性概括为几个基本原理的子集。本文讲述了其中一个肿瘤的标志： 抵抗细胞死亡。
关于肿瘤细胞，有一点需要知道：它们能抵抗死亡。它们会逃避细胞凋亡，凋亡即一旦细胞受损便导致细胞死亡的机制。通常，细胞凋亡有助于在生长和发育过程中保持机体健康，并通过去除感染或受损的细胞来维持机体组织。但是肿瘤细胞并不遵循这一过程，无论它们的生长有多异常。
肿瘤细胞可能会改变探测损伤或异常的机制，从而阻止适当的信号传导和凋亡的激活。肿瘤细胞也可能在下游信号传导本身或凋亡相关蛋白中引入缺陷，这也将阻止应有的凋亡 (1,2)。
凋亡在回避生长抑制这一标志事件中也非常重要，但这是指由外部信号触发的凋亡。本章的标志事件中，我们指的是内源性凋亡，其中凋亡程序从未开始过。
为了探索肿瘤细胞是如何逃避细胞死亡的，我们必须首先研究可能导致凋亡的不同通路。
激活死亡受体可以诱导凋亡。
i. Caspase-8：通过能够激活 caspase-8 的几种受体来诱导凋亡，并导致 caspase-8 活性片段的释放，然后剪切并激活下游的 caspase。
ii. RIP 激酶：（位于本通路中的受体附近）是细胞应激的重要调节分子，通过激活 NF-kB 和促凋亡通路来触发促生存和炎症反应。
iii. Bcl-2：通过抑制线粒体细胞色素 C 的释放，对多种促凋亡刺激作出反应，发挥生存功能。
iv. p53：“主开关”，一种细胞对 DNA 损伤和其他基因组畸变做出反应里起主要作用的抑癌基因蛋白。p53 的激活可导致细胞周期停滞及DNA 修复或者凋亡。p53 可以被多个蛋白（包括Chk2 和 ATM）在多个位点上被磷酸化和乙酰化。
与“抵抗细胞死亡”相关通路
凋亡调控
凋亡抑制
凋亡相关主要靶标
| 产品名称 | 货号 | 应用 | 反应性 |
| Caspase-8 (1C12) Mouse mAb | 9746 | W IP | H |
| Caspase-8 Antibody (Mouse Specific) | 4790 | W | H M R |
| Cleaved Caspase-8 (Asp391) (18C8) Rabbit mAb | 9496 | W | H |
| Cleaved Caspase-8 (Asp387) Antibody (Mouse Specific) | 4927 | W | M |
| Caspase-3 Antibody | 9662 | W IP IHC-P | H M R Mk |
| Caspase-3 (D3R6Y) Rabbit mAb | 14220 | W IP | H M R Mk |
| Cleaved Caspase-3 (Asp175) (5A1E) Rabbit mAb | 9664 | W IP IHC-P IF-IC F | H M R Mk |
| Cleaved Caspase-3 (Asp175) Antibody | 9661 | W IP IHC-P IF-IC F | H M R Mk |
| Caspase-7 Antibody | 9492 | W | H M R Mk |
| Cleaved Caspase-7 (Asp198) Antibody | 8438 | W IF-IC F | H M R |
| PARP (46D11) Rabbit mAb | 9532 | W IP IF-IC F | H M R Mk |
| Cleaved PARP (Asp214) (D64E10) XP%uAE Rabbit mAb | 5625 | W IP IHC-P IF-IC F | H Mk |
| Cleaved PARP (Asp214) (7C9) Mouse mAb (Mouse Specific) | 9548 | W | M |
| Caspase-9 Antibody (Human Specific) | 9502 | W F | H |
| Caspase-9 (C9) Mouse mAb | 9508 | W | H M R Hm Mk |
| Cleaved Caspase-9 (Asp315) (D8I9E) Rabbit mAb | 20750 | W IP IF-IC F | H |
| Cleaved Caspase-9 (Asp353) Antibody (Mouse Specific) | 9509 | W IF-IC | M |
| Bid (3C5) Mouse mAb | 8762 | W IP | H |
| Bim (C34C5) Rabbit mAb | 2933 | W IP IHC-Bond IHC-P IF-IC F | H M R |
| Bak (D4E4) Rabbit mAb | 12105 | W IP IHC-P IF-IC F | H M R Mk |
| Bax (D2E11) Rabbit mAb | 5023 | W IP IHC-P | H |
| Bax Antibody | 2772 | W IP W IP W IP W IP W IP W IP W IP / | H M R Mk |
| Bcl-2 (124) Mouse mAb | 15071 | W IP IHC-P F | H |
| Bcl-xL (54H6) Rabbit mAb | 2764 | W IP IHC-P IF-IC F | H M R Mk |
| Cytochrome c (D18C7) Rabbit mAb | 11940 | W IHC-P | H M R Mk |
| Cytochrome c (6H2.B4) Mouse mAb | 12963 | IP IF-IC | H M R |
| Caspase-6 Antibody | 9762 | W | H M R |
| RIP (D94C12) XP%uAE Rabbit mAb | 3493 | W IP IF-IC F | H M R Hm Mk |
| RIP3 (D4G2A) Rabbit mAb | 95702 | W IP IF-IC F | M |
| Phospho-RIP3 (Thr231/Ser232) (E7S1R) Rabbit mAb | 91702 | W IF-IC | M |
| Phospho-RIP3 (Ser227) (D6W2T) Rabbit mAb | 93654 | W IF-IC | H |
坏死性细胞死亡
坏死性死亡关键靶标
| 产品名称 | 货号 | 应用 | 反应性 |
| Caspase-8 (1C12) Mouse mAb | 9746 | W IP | H |
| Caspase-8 Antibody (Mouse Specific) | 4790 | W | H M R |
| Cleaved Caspase-8 (Asp391) (18C8) Rabbit mAb | 9496 | W | H |
| Cleaved Caspase-8 (Asp387) Antibody (Mouse Specific) | 4927 | W | M |
| RIP (D94C12) XP%uAE Rabbit mAb | 3493 | W IP IF-IC F | H M R Hm Mk |
| Phospho-RIP (Ser166) (D1L3S) Rabbit mAb | 65746 | W | H |
| RIP3 (D4G2A) Rabbit mAb | 95702 | W IP IF-IC F | M |
| Phospho-RIP3 (Thr231/Ser232) (E7S1R) Rabbit mAb | 91702 | W IF-IC | M |
| Phospho-RIP3 (Ser227) (D6W2T) Rabbit mAb | 93654 | W IF-IC | H |
| MLKL (D2I6N) Rabbit mAb | 14993 | W | H |
| Phospho-MLKL (Ser358) (D6H3V) Rabbit mAb | 91689 | W | H |
| Caspase-1 (D7F10) Rabbit mAb | 3866 | W IP | H |
| Caspase-1 (E2Z1C) Rabbit mAb | 24232 | W IP | M |
| Cleaved Caspase-1 (Asp297) (D57A2) Rabbit mAb | 4199 | W IP | H |
| Cleaved Caspase-1 (Asp296) (E2G2I) Rabbit mAb | 89332 | W IP | M |
| IL-1%u3B2 (3A6) Mouse mAb | 12242 | W IHC-P | H M |
| IL-1%u3B2 (D3U3E) Rabbit mAb | 12703 | W IF-IC F | H |
| Cleaved-IL-1%u3B2 (Asp116) (D3A3Z) Rabbit mAb | 83186 | W IP IF-IC | H |
| Cleaved-IL-1%u3B2 (Asp117) Antibody (Mouse Specific) | 52718 | W IP | M |
| NLRP3 (D4D8T) Rabbit mAb | 15101 | W IP | H M |
| AIM2 (D5X7K) Rabbit mAb | 12948 | W IP | H |
| NLRC4 (D5Y8E) Rabbit mAb | 12421 | W IP | H |
| Gasdermin D Antibody | 96458 | W | H |
| Cleaved Gasdermin D (Asp275) (E7H9G) Rabbit mAb | 36425 | W IP IHC-P | H |
| Cleaved Gasdermin D (Asp276) Antibody (Mouse Specific) | 50928 | W | M |
G2M/DNA 损伤检查点
G2M/DNA损伤检查点关键靶标
| 产品名称 | 货号 | 应用 | 反应性 |
| cdc2 (E1Z6R) Rabbit mAb | 28439 | W IP | H M R Hm Mk |
| Phospho-cdc2 (Tyr15) (10A11) Rabbit mAb | 4539 | W IP IF-IC F | H M R Mk |
| Cyclin B1 (D5C10) XP%uAE Rabbit mAb | 12231 | W IP IF-IC F | H R |
| Wee1 (D10D2) Rabbit mAb | 13084 | W IP IHC-P F | H Mk |
| Myt1 Antibody | 4282 | W IHC-P | H M R |
| Phospho-Myt1 (Ser83) Antibody | 4281 | W | H |
| Aurora A (D3V7T) XP%uAE Rabbit mAb | 91590 | W IHC-P | H |
| Aurora A (D3E4Q) Rabbit mAb | 14475 | W IP IF-IC F | H |
| p53 (1C12) Mouse mAb | 2524 | W IP IF-IC F ChIP | H M R Hm Mk |
| p53 (7F5) Rabbit mAb | 2527 | W IHC-P IF-IC F ChIP | H Mk |