一、独立主格结构的定义与构成
独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)由两部分组成,前一部分是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语 。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。它不是主谓完整的简单句,在句中通常作状语,用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随状况等。例如:
(1)名词/代词 + 现在分词:Weather permitting, we will go for a picnic tomorrow.(天气允许的话,我们明天去野餐。)“Weather permitting”就是独立主格结构,“Weather”是逻辑主语,“permitting”是现在分词,表示主动和正在进行的动作。
(2)名词/代词 + 过去分词:The homework done, the boy went out to play.(作业完成后,男孩出去玩了。)“The homework done”是独立主格结构,“The homework”是逻辑主语,“done”是过去分词,表示被动和完成的动作。
(3)名词/代词 + 不定式:He proposed a plan, he himself to take charge of the implementation.(他提出了一个计划,他自己负责实施。)“he himself to take charge of the implementation”是独立主格结构,“he himself”是逻辑主语,“to take charge of the implementation”是不定式,表示将来的动作。
(4)名词/代词 + 形容词:The boy lay on the grass, his eyes wide open.(男孩躺在草地上,眼睛睁得大大的。)“his eyes wide open”是独立主格结构,“his eyes”是逻辑主语,“wide open”是形容词。
(5)名词/代词 + 副词:The meeting over, they all went home.(会议结束后,他们都回家了。)“The meeting over”是独立主格结构,“The meeting”是逻辑主语,“over”是副词。
(6)名词/代词 + 介词短语:The teacher came into the classroom, book in hand.(老师手里拿着书走进教室。)“book in hand”是独立主格结构,“book”是逻辑主语,“in hand”是介词短语。
二、独立主格结构的特点
1.逻辑主语与主句主语不一致:独立主格结构有自己独立的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不同。如:Time permitting, we will visit the museum
2.位置灵活:一般置于句首,有时也置于句中或句尾,通常用逗号将其与主句隔开。例如:
(1)The work finished, they went home happily.(句首,工作完成后,他们开心地回家了。)
(2)The students, their homework done, are playing basketball on the playground.(句中,学生们做完作业后,正在操场上打篮球。)
(3)He sat in the chair, a book in his hand.(句尾,他坐在椅子上,手里拿着一本书。)
3.being和having been常可省略:在独立主格结构中,当逻辑主语和非谓语动词之间的关系很明确时,being和having been可以省略。例如:
(1)All the tickets (being) sold out, we had to wait for the next show.(所有的票都卖光了,我们不得不等下一场演出。)
(2)All things (having been) considered, his plan seems more practical.(考虑了所有因素后,他的计划似乎更实际。)
4.常可与“with + 宾语 + 宾补”结构替换:大多数独立主格结构可以用“with + 宾语 + 宾补”结构来代替,意义基本不变。例如:
(1)He went out, gun in hand. = He went out with a gun in his hand.(他手里拿着枪出去了。)
(2)The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside. = With the floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside.(由于地板又湿又滑,我们待在外面。)
5.使用场合:独立主格结构多用于书面语,尤其是描述性语言中,口语中较少使用 。
三、独立主格结构与非谓语动词的区别
非谓语动词指句子中不是谓语动词的动词,主要包括不定式,动名词和分词(现在分词、过去分词)。非谓语动词可以做定语、状语与补语;而独立主格结构只做状语。判断独立主格结构的一个小妙招是看有没有一个逗号连接的两个简单句,每个句子都有两个不同的主语,这时其中一个句子的谓语动词一定要用非谓语形式。例如:
(1)非谓语动词作状语:Seeing the teacher coming, the students stopped talking.(看到老师来了,学生们停止了说话。)这里“Seeing the teacher coming”是现在分词作状语,其逻辑主语就是主句的主语“the students” 。
(2)独立主格结构作状语:The teacher coming, the students stood up.(老师来了,学生们站了起来。)“The teacher coming”是独立主格结构作状语,“The teacher”是独立主格结构的逻辑主语,与主句主语“the students”不同 。
四、专项练习
(一)单项选择
A. to borrow
B. to be borrowed
C. borrowing
D. being borrowed
答案:B
详解:考查独立主格结构。句意:据说这项工程将耗资5.8亿美元,其中一半来自于投资方,剩下的将要贷款。分析句子成分可知,此处为独立主格结构,且表示将来的动作,应用“名词 + 不定式”,“the rest”与“borrow”构成被动关系,应用to be done形式。故选B。
2.________, we'll go to visit the Great Wall
A. Weather permitting
B. If permitted
C. If permitting
D. Weather permits
答案:A
详解:考查独立主格结构。句意:如果天气允许,我们就去参观长城。分析句子结构可知,逻辑主语与主句主语不一致,所以用独立主格结构。“weather”与“permit”之间为主动关系,所以用现在分词形式。故选A。
3.After______ by the heavy deluge, Henan province suffered from serious damages to its scenic spots, many tourists ______ in the disaster region
A. struck, were trapped
B. being struck, trapped
C. struck, having been trapped
D. having been struck ;were trapped
答案:B
详解:考查非谓语动词。句意:在遭受特大洪水袭击后,河南省的景点遭受了严重的破坏,许多游客被困在灾区。根据句意,分析句子可知,第一空中“strike”意为“袭击”,是非谓语动词,在介词“after”后,应使用动名词形式,与其逻辑主语“Henan province”之间有被动关系,所以应用动名词的被动式“being struck”,表示被动;第二空中“trap”意为“使……陷入困境”,是非谓语动词,与其逻辑主语“many tourists”构成独立主格作伴随状语,与其逻辑主语“many tourists”之间有被动关系,所以应用过去分词“trapped”,表被动。故选B项。
4.The village seemed deserted, the only sign of life ________ an ugly-looking goat tied to a tree in a field nearby
A. is
B. being
C. was
D. be
答案:B
详解:考查非谓语动词。句意:村子里似乎无人居住,唯一的生命迹象是一只长相丑陋的山羊,被拴在附近田野的一棵树上。分析句子结构可知,空处为非谓语动词,逻辑主语是“the only sign of life” + 分词“being an ugly-looking goat”构成独立主格结构,分词的动作与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,用现在分词,故填B。
5.All things _______, the planned trip will have to be called off
A. considered
B. have been considered
C. considering
D. having considered
答案:A
详解:考查分词独立主格。句意:所有的事情被考虑了之后,这个计划将会被取消。分析可知,逗号之前的内容在句中作状语,句子主语为“the planned trip”,而状语此处带有自己的逻辑主语“all things”,所以此处为分词独立主格。同时这个主语与动词“consider”为动宾关系,因而此处“consider”要用“considered”。结合选项,选项A符合题意,故选A。
6.It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some ________ over 90 meters
A. measured
B. measuring
C. measures
D. is measured
答案:B
详解:考查独立主格结构。句意:这儿是如此潮湿,以至于树很高,一些高达90米。分析句子可知,“so...that”引导状语从句,在从句中,“the trees are extremely tall”是完整的句子,中间没有连词,说明后面是独立主格结构,“some”是逻辑主语,后面是非谓语动词做状语,“measure”后面接数词,表示:长,宽,高是多少的时候,“measure”是不及物动词,用现在分词。故选B。
7.All factors __________ into account, your plan seems to be more reliable
A. are taken
B. being taken
C. Taken
D. taking
答案:C
详解:考查独立主格结构。句意:把所有因素都考虑进去,你的计划似乎更可靠。分析句子可知,逗号前为独立主格结构,独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。“take…into account”“把……考虑进去”是固定用法,动词“take”和其逻辑主语“factors”之间是被动关系,故用其过去分词“taken”一起构成独立主格结构,作状语,修饰整个句子。故选C项。
8., they went home,
A. Their work had been finished; singing and laughing
B. They had finished their work; sang and laughed
C. Their work finished; singing and laughing
D. After their work fini (此选项不完整,可排除)
答案:C
详解:考查独立主格结构和非谓语动词。第一空,分析句子结构可知,逗号前应是独立主格结构作状语,“Their work”与“finish”之间是被动关系,所以用过去分词“finished”;第二空,“singing and laughing”是现在分词作伴随状语,表示他们回家时的状态。A选项前半句是完整句子,不能直接与后半句用逗号连接;B选项前半句是完整句子,且后半句“sang and laughed”时态和形式不符合伴随状语的要求。所以选C。
(二)用所给词的适当形式填空
1.The test ________ (finish), we began our holiday
答案:finished
详解:“The test”与“finish”之间是被动关系,且表示动作已经完成,所以用过去分词finished构成独立主格结构,作时间状语,相当于After the test was finished。
2.The president assassinated (暗杀), the whole country was in deep sorrow
答案:assassinated
详解:“The president”与“assassinate”之间是被动关系,用过去分词assassinated构成独立主格结构,作原因状语,相当于Because the president was assassinated。
3.The boy ________ (lead) the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave
答案:leading
详解:“The boy”与“lead”之间是主动关系,用现在分词leading构成独立主格结构,作方式状语,意思是“由这个男孩带路” 。
4.There ________ (be) no bus, we had to walk home
答案:being
详解:“There be”句型的独立主格结构形式为“There being + 名词”,这里表示“因为没有公共汽车”,作原因状语 。
5.So many people ________ (be) absent, the meeting had to be called off
答案:being
详解:“So many people”与“be”之间是主动关系,用现在分词being构成独立主格结构,作原因状语,说明会议取消的原因是很多人缺席。
(三)汉译英
1.会议结束了,人们纷纷离开了房间。
答案:The meeting over, people left the room one after another.
详解:“会议结束”用独立主格结构“The meeting over”来表达,“over”是副词,表示“结束”,作状语,说明人们离开房间的时间背景。
2.他的眼镜坏了,他几乎什么也看不见。
答案:His glasses broken, he could hardly see anything.
详解:“他的眼镜坏了”用独立主格结构“His glasses broken”,“broken”是过去分词,表示被动和完成,即眼镜被弄坏了,作原因状语,解释他几乎看不见东西的原因。
3.天气晴朗,我们决定去公园散步。
答案:The weather being fine, we decided to go for a walk in the park.
详解:“天气晴朗”用独立主格结构“The weather being fine”,“being fine”表示主动,即天气呈现晴朗的状态,作原因状语,表明我们决定去公园散步的原因是天气好。也可以省略being,写成The weather fine, we decided to go for a walk in the park.
4.老师进来了,手里拿着一本书。
答案:The teacher came in, book in hand. 或者The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
详解:前一种表达“book in hand”是独立主格结构,后一种“with a book in his hand”是“with + 宾语 + 宾补”结构,二者都表示伴随状况,说明老师进来时手里拿着书。
5.作业还没完成,他不敢出去玩。
答案:His homework not finished, he dared not go out to play.
详解:“作业还没完成”用独立主格结构“His homework not finished”,“not finished”是过去分词的否定形式,表示作业未被完成,作原因状语,说明他不敢出去玩的原因是作业没做完。
(四)句子改写
1.Because the weather was fine, we had a good time in the countryside
答案:The weather being fine, we had a good time in the countryside.
详解:将原因状语从句改为独立主格结构,“the weather”是逻辑主语,“being fine”表示主动,说明天气状况,作原因状语。也可以省略being,写成The weather fine, we had a good time in the countryside.
2.After the work was done, they went home
答案:The work done, they went home.
详解:“the work”是逻辑主语,“done”是过去分词,表示工作被完成,构成独立主格结构作时间状语,相当于After the work was done。
3.If time permits, we will visit the old temple
答案:Time permitting, we will visit the old temple.
详解:“time”是逻辑主语,“permitting”是现在分词,表示主动,即时间允许,构成独立主格结构作条件状语,相当于If time permits。
4.The girl sat there, and her eyes were fixed on the book
答案:The girl sat there, her eyes fixed on the book.
详解:“her eyes”是逻辑主语,“fixed on the book”是过去分词短语,表示眼睛被固定在书上,构成独立主格结构作伴随状语 。
5.With the guide leading the way, we found the village easily
答案:The guide leading the way, we found the village easily.
详解:去掉with后,“The guide”是逻辑主语,“leading the way”是现在分词短语,表示导游带路,构成独立主格结构作方式状语。
五、答案解析与总结
通过以上专项练习,我们对独立主格结构的各种用法进行了巩固和检验。在单项选择中,关键要判断句子是否是独立主格结构,以及逻辑主语和非谓语动词之间的关系(主动或被动、动作发生的时间等)。用所给词的适当形式填空和汉译英主要考查对独立主格结构构成形式的掌握,要根据具体语境确定合适的结构。句子改写则是在不同句式之间进行转换,加深对独立主格结构与状语从句、“with + 宾语 + 宾补”结构之间关系的理解。
独立主格结构是英语语法中的一个难点,在学习过程中要多分析例句,总结规律,通过大量练习来熟练掌握其用法。同时,要注意与非谓语动词、状语从句等相关语法知识的联系和区别,这样才能在实际运用中准确无误地使用独立主格结构,提升英语表达的准确性和流畅性。
来源 | Studying together
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